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Mercury is a naturally-occurring element found in soil, water, and air. But it can also be found in our food, and high levels of exposure may cause neurological and kidney damage. Current methods for detecting mercury in environmental samples are complex, time-consuming, and require specialized training. However, an ARS-funded research project at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, may have found a simpler, more efficient solution. 

Researchers here developed a dual-detection biosensor that is faster, more user-friendly, and just as effective and accurate as existing methods. It is also portable, enabling on-site testing of samples for mercury in the parts-per-million range and displaying the results on a smartphone. The biosensor can also be adapted to multiplex, low-cost strip devices for on-site detection of toxins, pathogens, and heavy metals other than mercury. 

Read this article to learn more.

Perennial Grains: The Next Food Frontier?

A handful of Kernza.

The bulk of American farmlands are devoted to growing annual grains —  corn, wheat, and other crops that are harvested and then must be replanted every year. Yet many plants, including some grains, come in perennial varieties and grow back year after year. Researchers believe that these perennial grains could provide a number of crucial advantages for farmers and the environment. For example, the long roots that they develop over many years help preserve soil structure and quality, retain soil moisture, and sequester carbon more effectively. Because they don’t need to be replanted every year, they also could save farmers significant time and money, eliminating planting and many input costs. 

Today, some farmers are planting intermediate wheatgrass, a perennial grain. The grain it produces, called Kernza®, is available in some stores, and is being used by brewers and bakers in their products. Check out this interview, where ARS researcher Peter Kleinman describes how researchers are looking to boost the use and value of this exciting crop to benefit growers and consumers alike.

Consumers Want More Catfish with their Catfish 

Fried catfish strips made with 20% catfish bone powder in the breading mix. (Photo by Silvia Murillo)
Fried catfish strips made with 20% catfish bone powder in the breading mix. (Photo by Silvia Murillo)

Commercial catfishing is big business in this country, but nearly 7 in 8 of those operations are considered small businesses; more than one-third have annual revenues of less than $25,000. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is trying to help them reel in more profits.

One of the ways they’re accomplishing that goal is turning what was once considered expendable – the fish’s bones, or “frames” – into value-added inventory.

Catfish bones are a safe source of calcium, so if we can find ways to keep these byproducts in the human food supply, they can provide valuable nutrients and increase profitability for the industry.

Surveys found that most consumers (68%) were willing to try seafood byproduct if it was used as an ingredient in some other seafood or fish product. These results supported the use of catfish bone powder in fish fry mixtures. Test confirmed that consumers liked catfish strips cooked with bone powder mix as much or more than plain commercial breading. In fact, 84% of consumers said they would purchase the fried catfish strips coated with bone powder mix and reported higher levels of positive emotions after learning of the added calcium. Learn more

Spud Central

One Potato, Two Potato

Potatoes, an economically significant crop, grown worldwide, are vegetables native to the Americas. Potatoes are grown throughout the US, from Maine to California, and as far south as Texas and Florida. The potato output of the US is fifth in the world, producing 23 million metric tons of potatoes annually (FAO, 2020).

Over the years, ARS scientists have developed superior potato cultivars like:

  • 'Clearwater Russet' and 'Blazer Russet': that are used by McDonald's for French fries.

  • 'Elkton': a chipping cultivar with high resistance to internal heat necrosis that's proved to be extremely popular among growers in the South.

  • 'Huckleberry Gold': co-developed by ARS, with signature purple skin, yellow flesh, and small size is gaining popularity with consumers and niche markets alike.

  • 'Wiñay': Frost-resistant potatoes developed through international joint research with ARS and Peru.

More recently, the scientists created a new cultivar, ‘Galena Russet’ a with a higher protein content than standard Russet varieties. Galena Russet produces high yields during early and full harvest seasons. It also exhibits long dormancy of tubers, which is beneficial in maintaining tuber quality in storage with decreased sprouting following harvest. 

Featured Video: Cooking with Science - Potatoes

Watch the video on your mobile device.

Delicious Recipes

Get cooking with these great recipes from Chef Mark Mills. Each delicious recipe features potatoes!

ARS Potato Research

Striking (Huckleberry) Gold

The Huckleberry Gold potato, co-developed by ARS, is gaining popularity with consumers and niche markets alike.

Are Hybrid Potatoes in Your Future?

Scientists are working to improve potatoes and researching how environmental conditions influence potato quality.

A Better Potato for a Better Potato Chip

USDA's Agricultural Research Service helps ensure that the country always has the perfect potato for frying into chips.

Keep Your Eyes on the Fries 

There's a good chance you're eating an ARS-developed French fry.
 

New Variety Will Help Potatoes Prosper

A team of scientists created a new potato variety that resists frost, making the crop even more resilient.

 

The Potato Industry’s New Stud

This new variety produces high yields during early and full harvest seasons.   

 

Episode 2: Apples - Get Crunchin'

Apples are as American as apple pie. Let's look at some cool innovations and research that ARS scientists are conducting to ensure those apples in your shopping cart are fresh, tasty, cost-friendly, and high quality.

 

 

 

 

Scientist looking at apples in an orchard

Season 2: Apples: Get Crunchin' 
Episode 1: Apple Rootstocks

Did you know that the apple you're eating right now probably came from a rootstock developed by ARS? Our scientists are breeding new rootstocks that are more resistant to pests and diseases, that bear more delicious fruit, and are more ideal for apple growers to pick and prune.

Listen now on: Apple Podcasts, iHeart Radio, Pandora, Spotify, YouTube, and more.

Read more:

Scientists using an apple sorting machine

Season 2: Apples: Get Crunchin' 
Episode 2: Apple Sorting Machine

ARS researchers have developed an in-field apple sorting machine that not only improves apple picking efficiency, but also scans and grades apples. Think of it as a 21st century solution to apple picking and harvesting.

Listen now on: Apple Podcasts, iHeart Radio, Pandora, Spotify, YouTube, and more.

Read more:

Sprayer machine in apple orchard

Season 2: Apples: Get Crunchin' 
Episode 3: Precision Sprayer

ARS researchers have developed an in-field apple sorting machine that not only improves apple picking efficiency, but also scans and grades apples. Think of it as a 21st century solution to apple picking and harvesting.

Listen now on: Apple Podcasts, iHeart Radio, Pandora, Spotify, YouTube, and more.

Read more:

Its impact depends on how it’s practiced – and that matters, because so much of the Earth’s surface is devoted to agricultural production.

One of the most important ways agriculture can protect the planet is by protecting the health of soil. The healthier soil is, the better it can sequester carbon, improve air and water quality, and grow food. ARS researchers explore how to maintain and improve soil health through a number of different management practices, including promoting plant diversity, keeping soil covered, reducing tillage, and more. Watch this video to learn about the approaches they’re studying. 
 

ARS staff around the country are heavily invested in providing educational opportunities for promising STEM students. Our goals with STEM outreach are to increase literacy and knowledge in science, technology, engineering, and math for students of all ages, especially among members of underrepresented populations to help them learn more about agricultural research and how it affects their lives every day. ARS is always looking for bright minds to help usher in the next wave of agricultural scientists. Take a look at some of the activities that ARS hosts and participates in, in an effort to connect with STEM students and their teachers.

Slideshow

Columbia Basin College student intern Araceli Martinez helps trellis alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm plants during seed regeneration and plant characterization efforts in Prosser, WA. (Photo by Brian Irish, ARS)

ARS researchers in Prosser, WA, hosted 12 Columbia Basin College summer student interns looking to expand their experiences in scientific research. Students had opportunities to work with diverse crops important to the region including alfalfa, grapes, hops, potatoes, and pulses with research focusing on agronomy, genetics, horticulture, and plant pathology.

Student performing a soybean oil transesterification procedure in a Bio-oils Research Unit lab, NCAUR.

The National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria hosted its annual Student Researcher Program. Through this program, high school students gain hands-on experience with some of the same research techniques used daily by career researchers at the lab. Students move through three onsite laboratories with different broad-focus disciplines, interacting closely with research staff, and gain a deeper understanding of how the multi-disciplinary teams here solve research puzzles of national importance, one piece at a time.

Twin Cities Regional Science Fair Middle school award winners Ethan Finch, Jordi Malaret, Batoul Taha, and Sarah Peterson. (Photo courtesy of Twin Cities Regional Science Fair)

Scientists in the Plant Science Research Unit judged projects at the annual Twin Cities Regional Science Fair, in which approximately 300 students from middle and high school participated. ARS prizes for the outstanding projects in plant science and environmental science were presented. ARS researchers also arranged summer internships for minority students at Fort Valley State University. In FY23, they provided independent research experiences and professional development experiences for three 1890 Scholars, a Wallace-Carver Intern, and a Sci-Net intern over the summer.

Researchers at the National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation have embarked on a number of STEM outreach endeavors, including creating a website with educational resources and information about careers in plant genetic resources, producing videos featuring plant collection curators discussing their career experiences, and participating in STEM programs at nearby Colorado State University.

Students explore crop origins and diversity with agricultural scientists in Denver. (Photo courtesy of Sarah Cort Photography)

Tuskegee University student Cayden Bowe presents on: Starch and Amylose Inclusion Complexes. (Photo courtesy of Suzanne Unser)

The National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria hosted a Lunch and Learn seminar weekly during the summer that focuses on career readiness. Here, the lab's technicians and scientists share their perspectives and advice on topics such as grad school, the hiring process, interviews, scientific presentations, and career paths.

ARS biological research technician Greg Fuerst explains to community college and university instructors the different phenotypes caused by different genes in the 2023 iTAG Genotype to Phenotype short course. (Photo courtesy of Roger Wise)

Researchers at the Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit are providing interactive laboratory exercises for prospective students to explore genotype and phenotype using a popular strain of barley. The iTAG program connects plant pathology, genetics, and development with active learning exercises for teachers, who then engage their students during the school year to illustrate how doing good science impacts food security. Nearly 50 high school, community college, and university teachers and 5,000 students nationwide have been impacted by this program.

Student interns Matthew Tsang and Ruhini Saha work on a home compostable produce sticker adhesive research project with Scott Howarth of Sinclair Systems, Int. and ARS researchers Jim McManus and Gabe Patterson. (Photo courtesy of Lennard Torres)

The Bioproducts Research Unit in Albany hosted interns to assist in established research projects, often working directly with industrial partners to gain valuable experience and networking opportunities. The Research Unit also held workshops at the STEM Conference hosted by the American Association of University Women at Saint Mary’s College (Moraga, CA). Three workshops were conducted featuring natural rubber as a bioproduct, including a focus on plant science and genomics.

Student intern Elizabeth Gonzales-Cortez is part of the USDA Growing the Seeds of Future program. (Photo courtesy of Reedley College)

USDA’s Growing the Seeds of the Future internship provides high school students with the opportunity to complete a summer internship with eminent scientists at the ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center in Parlier, CA. Selected students participate in a research program based on their academic excellence, interest in science, and demonstrated leadership qualities. After completing the program, students represent USDA at their respective high schools and serve as a resource to other students interested in agricultural-related fields. This impactful program is designed to expand students’ knowledge of the importance of public service, provide educational and professionals experiences and increase students’ awareness of career opportunities in agriculture.

NCAUR staff Nathan Kemp, Zipporah Sowell, and Christine Poppe in front of the NCAUR booth. (Photo courtesy of Kristina Gelnzinski)

Staff at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research participated in the Greater Peoria Career Spark event. This annual two-day career path event drew 4,000 8th grade students from 65 schools. The ARS booth uniquely stood out by presenting STEM careers in scientific research and offering hands-on opportunities to use equipment found in the biological lab, observing the ultra-absorbent properties of Super Slurper – a polymer invented at NCAUR, and viewing the impact of biocontrol measures on cabbage leaves.

Inaugural class of the Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Scholars Program. (Photo courtesy of Boehringer Ingelheim)

ARS’s National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility is partnering with private industry to fund hands-on research opportunities for 1st and 2nd year veterinary students around the country in livestock infectious disease research. By enhancing early exposure to research, we hope to inspire students to pursue research careers in veterinary, agricultural, and One Health research. ARS is also funding programs aimed at workforce development for careers to work in biosafety and biocontainment laboratories. This includes developing a Biosafety/Biorisk Management Graduate Certificate Program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and opening new opportunities for students to experience high containment research animal care careers with Texas A&M University.

Check out these stories to learn more about how ARS is inspiring the next generation.

STEM Grows Citizen Scientists - BlueSTEM AgriLearning Center and Oklahoma Schools partner with ARS to cultivate curiosity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Planting the Seeds of STEM - ARS Administrator Dr. Simon Liu discusses how STEM has been a part of his life and career.

The Wonder of It All - The Asombro Institute for Science Education, with support from both the USDA Southern Plains Climate Hub, in El Reno, OK, and the ARS Range Management Research Unit, in Las Cruces, NM, is helping students understand the world around them.

Growing Together - The ARS Three Sisters Project plants the seeds of agricultural science careers.

 

ARS Project Supports Indigenous Seed Sovereignty

A dish of seeds

USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is helping ensure that native plants with cultural, historical, medicinal, and edible significance remain available for future generations.

Scientists with the ARS Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory (NGPRL) in Mandan, North Dakota, are collaborating with two neighboring Tribal land grant colleges, Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College (NHSC) and United Tribes Technical College (UTTC), to expand the growth of heritage corn varieties and consolidate knowledge of culturally significant plants in the region.

According to Ruth Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills, director of food sovereignty at NHSC, the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples have many varieties of heritage corn seed, but are limited by access to land and other resources to growing one variety per year at a large scale.

The research lab is supporting NHSC’s goal of providing traditional seeds to their Tribal members as part of their seed sovereignty. ARS is also assisting in UTTC’s investigation of culturally sensitive propagation techniques for plants that require additional research. Both colleges are involving the community in their efforts.

“This project synthesizes the strengths of both Tribal colleges and ARS to maximize benefits to the Tribal communities,” Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills said. “Students are involved as much as possible; that is a key aspect and one of the most exciting parts of this collaboration.”

Partnering together, ARS and both Tribal colleges work to preserve these native plants and seed varieties so their legacy can continue. These efforts not only safeguard the heritage of Tribal communities in the Great Plains, but also the biodiversity of this area.

“The Great Plains are an incredible unknown and underappreciated plant diversity storehouse,” Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills said.

“ARS hopes to use this pilot project as a model to replicate for Tribal college research relationships celebrating Indigenous knowledge throughout our ARS research facilities,” said Simon Liu, ARS acting administrator.

Building a Better Mouse Trap When it Comes to Cat Litter

Soyhullcatlitter image
ARS researchers have improved on an earlier biobased cat litter formulation using biochar from soybean hulls and a starch-based ingredient called amylose inclusion complex. (Photo by Steve Vaughn, USDA-ARS)

A new biobased kitty litter developed by ARS scientists could be coming to a box near you—your cat's, that is.

Sodium bentonite clay is traditionally used as a clumping agent for easy disposal of cat waste. However, pet owners have shared concerns over the potential for their cats to ingest some of the bentonite clay used in traditional litters.

In response, ARS scientists and colleagues began researching alternative, biobased cat litter formulations, In their new litter formulation, the researchers used a starch-based ingredient with antimicrobial properties, called amylose inclusion complex, and discarded soybean hulls with two other ingredients, guar gum and mineral oil.  This mixture ensures  proper clumping and minimal dust emission, such as when litter is poured into a box, disposed of, or kicked up by cats after relieving themselves. Learn more.

Plant Oils

Oliveoil image

ARS scientists in Peoria, IL, discovered that the seeds of pennycress, long considered a forgettable weed, possess an oil that may have a wealth of uses — from biofuel to food ingredients. Read more about their pioneering research.

U.S. airlines have committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, spurring demand for renewable jet fuels. ARS scientists in Peoria, IL, identified yeasts that convert agricultural waste into bio-oil, which can easily be converted into biodiesel or renewable jet fuel. Their discovery could both reduce fossil fuel consumption and create additional value from agricultural waste products. Read more about it. 

ARS researchers in Peoria, IL, are creating healthier spreads by replacing saturated fats with plant-based and other natural waxes — sunflower, rice bran, candelilla, and beeswax, among them. These waxes could provide alternatives to the saturated fats that are currently found in plant oils like palm oil and fully hydrogenated vegetable oil. Read more about this work.

ARS scientists in  Beltsville, MD, found that high-oleic soybean oil (HOSBO), an oil with high amounts of monounsaturated fats (the good fats) that is used for baking and frying foods, improves measures of LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) and other risk factors and biomarkers of coronary heart disease in comparison to other oils. Read more about their work.

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